This is one question researchers set out to answer in a recent study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry, published. Many studies have focused on different nutrients as playing a role in mental health, but this group wanted to look at diet patterns as a whole to determine what big dietary factors might be affecting your mood.

The research team, from the University College of London and lead by Dr. Tasnime Akbaraly, used data from a large study called the Whitehall II study, which monitored many social, lifestyle, work and health factors in a group of over 10,000 British civil servants. Dr. Akbaraly’s team focused on evaluating whether what people ate affected their odds of becoming depressed, using a subset of approximately 3,500 people, for whom this data was available.

The researchers used a food questionnaire to lump dietary patterns into two major groups: a whole foods group (heavily loaded with fruits, vegetables and fish) and a processed food group (heavily loaded with sweets, fried foods, high-fat dairy, and processed grains and meats). What they found was that those who ate more of the whole foods or less of the process foods were less likely to become depressed.

To test the validity of their findings, they used statistical tools to remove the affects of several ‘confounding’ factors that may also be contributing to depression, including: age, gender, marital status, physical activity, smoking, education level, employment grade, and a host of other medical conditions. After adjusting for all of these, the findings still stood. A diet rich in whole foods seemed to protect against depression and a diet rich in processed foods seemed to increase the odds of depression.

These data are interesting because no other studies had really evaluated a ‘pro-depressive’ effect of processed foods. Many studies have shown benefit of individual nutrients, like omega-3s and B vitamin, but not really evaluated diet patterns as a whole.

For many people it’s kind of a no-brainer that the foods you eat can affect the way you feel. However, more studies like this one are needed to really make the link between different aspects of the diet and the risk of real depressive disorders, not just blue moods. The more we understand all the factors involved in contributing to depression and related disorders, the more we can do to effectively treat it.

Currently, psychiatrists, nurses and social workers all work together to help people deal with mental illnesses from different angles. Data is emerging, like this study, that suggests if we added nutritionists and exercise professionals into the mix, we could do an even better job.

Studies like this are the only way we can really solidify the science behind a broad treatment approach; and without the data insurance won’t cover it, and without insurance coverage the system won’t change. But do we need to wait for the system to change in order to live better today? No. Eat Well. Your brain will thank you.

Reference: Akbaraly et al., Dietary Pattern and Depressive Symptoms in Middle Age. The British Journal of Psychiatry (2009) 195:408-413.

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By Paul R. Burghardt & Simon J. Evans

In the last article we spoke about the age at which a person develops diabetes increases their risk for different types of dementia. In effect, the longer you can hold-off developing diabetes the less risk you have for developing vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.

A recent article by De Felice and colleagues in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences speaks to how preventing diabetes or effectively managing the disease can affect brain cells at the microscopic level.

In this study, the researchers were able to show that insulin blocks the protein A-derived diffusible ligand (ADDL). This protein causes all sorts of problems for neurons including withering of the “spines” that make connections with other neurons and redistribution of other neuronal components (receptors) that are critical for the formation of memories.

In a sense, it appears that insulin is helping neurons stick to a microscopic version of the “use it or lose it” principle. When insulin was able to interact (bind to) insulin receptors the ADDL protein was not able to bind to the nerve cells. If you don’t use your insulin receptors, you lose parts of your brain cells (i.e. spines).

One issue that needs to be pointed out regarding this paper is that these studies were carried out in “cell culture.” No, this is not a New-Wave band from the 80’s. Cell culture, in science at lease, refers to a technique used to grow cells in a dish. Once you have cells growing in this very controlled laboratory situation, you can test the effects of different drugs, chemicals, nutrients on various functions of those cells. This is great for learning about how the nuts and bolts of cell biology work, however this is not a “natural” situation for a cell, and it can be difficult to directly use the information gleaned from cell culture experiments in an intact organism (i.e. a walking talking human).

With that cautionary point about cell culture experiments in mind, we’d like to point out that there are studies showing that insulin-sensitizing drugs (drugs that help the body use insulin) can improve memory in diabetics and people with Alzheimer’s Disease. So this is something that people should pay attention to! Not just us nerdy scientists that are fascinated by how things work under a microscope.

The real take-home message for diabetics, relating to the previous blog, is that good management of your diabetes is EXTREMELY important. If insulin has the ability to block these nasty little ADDL proteins from eating the branches of your brain cells, then the better control of your insulin levels should help you fend off these proteins. If you are not diabetic, but have a family history, then take steps to reduce your risk of developing diabetes. This disease occurs over time, so the longer you can avoid it (see the February 17th blog) the less you are likely to accrue.

Now, if you’ve been reading faithfully, you’ll notice Simon focused on the same article in “Control your blood sugar, Improve your memory?” on February 11th, but we wanted to revisit it to tie together with the posted on February 17th, “Diabetes increases risk for developing dementia: what control do you have” to emphasize that no matter if you have ‘normal’ blood glucose control or have diabetes you can help reduce your risk for developing dementia.

Another side-note….although the narrator of the video clip below mentions that insulin does not cross the blood brain barrier (which protects the brain from bad stuff), there is pretty good evidence indicating that insulin actually does cross into the brain.

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By Simon J. Evans, PhD

Remember the ‘monster cereals’? Frankenberry, Booberry and Count Chocula? I liked the little marshmallows in Frankenberry the best, though the chocolate milk left behind by Count Chocula was hard to beat. But can eating these types of breakfast cereals be setting us up for future memory problems?

We’ve learned a lot over the past couple of decades about how the foods we choose to eat as kids and young adults, control our risks for chronic illness as older adults. More recently we are beginning to understand that many chronic diseases are related to each other. Now, a new study published the February 2009 issue of The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), adds a very interesting chapter, linking blood sugar control to memory decline.

Specifically the study examines the role of insulin in countering Alzheimer’s disease progression. But before we get into that, let’s connect a few dots.

We know that high sugar foods, if eaten on a regular basis, increase our risk for insulin resistance and diabetes. What does this mean? When you eat high sugar foods your blood sugar rises quickly and your body brings it back down by releasing insulin. However, if you continue to do this on a regular basis, your body will become less sensitive to its own insulin and require more and more of an insulin release to do the job. This is called insulin resistance and is a step toward diabetes.

In recent years, we have learned that insulin acts in the brain as well. Brain cells rely on this hormone to keep a regular supply of energy so you can think clearly, remember where you parked your car and why you went into the store in the first place. Insulin resistance in the brain may lead to mood and cognitive problems. While this is a young area of research we know that diabetes increases your risk for both depression and Alzheimer’s disease.

The new study gives us some insight into why this might be true. One feature of Alzheimer’s disease is an accumulation ‘tangles’ from a protein called amyloid-beta. It turns out that small pieces of this protein can attack certain cells in your brain that are responsible for making and storing memories. If these attacks get bad enough – boom, Alzheimer’s disease.

What the new study shows us is that insulin helps protect these ‘memory’ cells from attack by amyloid-beta, but only if the cells remain sensitive to insulin. This sheds light on why diabetes puts you at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. If you have lost sensitivity to insulin (become insulin resistant) then you may be more susceptible to attack by amyloid-beta proteins and the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

In their study, the researchers were able to ‘help’ insulin out using a diabetic drug that increases insulin sensitivity, and this is promising news for development of therapies to help people going down the Alzheimer’s road. But are there other ways to increase our insulin sensitivity. The answer is emphatically, yes!

First of all, exercise is known to boost insulin sensitivity, even if you are already diabetic. Getting your muscles working helps them regain their sensitivity to insulin and do a better job of maintaining blood sugar. Second, eating a low-glycemic diet, with high fiber and low sugar, help regulate blood sugar and boost insulin sensitivity. Third, sleep is an emerging factor in improving insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control.

Again, this returns to the fundamentals. Exercise more, eat better and get enough sleep. Understanding all the cool neuroscience on why these things help is great, and hopefully provides you with a little extra motivation. Sometimes connecting a behavior to a real change that you can put your finger on can give you that extra sticking power, which is why we write these summaries. But the decision is yours. You know what to do, now can you do what you know?

Reference:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). 2009, 106(6):1971-1976.

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By Simon J. Evans, PhD

Are you concerned about your health care coverage? With so many recent job losses in the U.S., many people have lost this valuable benefit and millions others have not had health care in years. Clearly, our system is broken and high on the agenda for the Obama administration. But what’s next?

A new editorial in the Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, by Daniel Redwood, D.C., raises some interesting points that we will summarize below.

The editorial starts out with the fact that a critical mass of Americans are finally beginning to see health care as a right, not a privilege (an opinion, by the way, held by every other industrialized nation in the world besides the U.S.). Redwood points out that healthcare costs are the leading cause of bankruptcy in the U.S. and this, combined with the increasing financial burden on businesses to pay for the healthcare of their employees, may provide a real driver for significant change this time around. But how to go about it?

Redwood discusses the fact that all parties in the healthcare machine agree on one basic principle. It is a principle that we have been touting in every post we’ve written for the past two years. Preventing illness is far is better than treating disease. As the old adage goes ‘an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure’. But the question is still how?

We believe that prevention means living a healthy life, including eating well, exercising and generally taking care of yourself. However, many in the medical field, including the Obama approach, puts prevention more in the hands of doctors, with regular screenings and vaccinations. This to us, is not prevention. This is catching disease early and making it more easily treated. It is important, but it is not prevention.

In his editorial, Redwoood agrees. In fact, he specifically mentions nutrition, exercise, stress-reduction and social support as ingredients for true prevention. He points out that while the Obama administration has acknowledged these factors as important, it remains to be seen whether this will be backed up by any budgets or whether it is just lip-service, as it has been for decades in the current healthcare system.

Redwood also points out that doctors in the current system do not have time to focus on prevention, because they are too busy taking care of the sick. We would add that doctors are not trained to focus on prevention either. They typically have very little educational background in nutrition and other aspects of wellness. The solution then is to enlist an army of true ‘wellness’ professionals whose sole objective is to keep the well well, and have these services be covered by insurance companies.

The editorial continues with an overview of several approaches to prevention, including chiropractic and alternative approaches, like Chinese medicine and others. But many of these are not covered by most health insurance policies, making them difficult for individuals to seek out. However, millions of people are using alternative strategies and the numbers grow every day. This in and of itself has become a red flag for the healthcare system as to the level of public dissatisfaction with ‘standard’ services.

Our plea to you is to use your own leverage whenever possible to define prevention in a light of true health promotion and to demand access to wellness as a right.

To read more on this subject, check out http://www.siib.org/news/news-home/112-SIIB.html

Reference:
The Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine (2009) Vol. 15(1):1-3

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By Simon J. Evans, PhD

The benefits of green tea have received a lot of press lately. Several studies have shown that green tea drinkers perform well in several measures of health, including some of those relative to brain fitness. But can green tea also help you lose weight? Researchers asked that question recently and found some interesting results.

A study published in a recent edition of the Journal of Nutrition, evaluated exercise-induced weight loss in 132 overweight and obese adults who also drank green tea extracts during their weight loss regime. All adults in this study participated in exercise programs and half were given a caffeinated beverage with green tea extracts (catechins, pronounced kat-i-kins) while the other half drank equal amounts of a caffeinated beverage without the green tea.

All participants in the study lost weight due to the exercise program, however those drinking the green tea extract containing catechins lost a little more. The interesting thing about this is that the fat lost by the green tea extract drinkers was specifically belly-fat. Other areas of fat loss were fairly even between the two groups.

Why is this important? Recent research has discovered that belly fat is particularly bad for your health. Excess belly fat releases hormones that have all kinds of negative effects, including reducing sensitivity to insulin, which is a major problem. Insulin sensitivity controls many aspects of brain and body health, including risk for diabetes, and maybe even depression and late-life dementia.

So it’s very cool that the catechins found in green tea helped folks in this study lose more belly fat in response to their exercise programs since it will probably feedback on many other systems in their bodies to improve their health. In fact, those in the green tea group showed better improvement in measures of triglycerides and total cholesterol as well.

Some societies have known about the health benefits of green tea for centuries and use it as a regular part of their diet. Western science is really just catching up to explain why this beverage is a powerful component of your overall approach to health. And the best part is there are no real side-effects, as long as you don’t overdo it. Remember, it is a caffeinated beverage so still should be drunk in moderation.

If you’re a regular coffee or black tea drinker, consider replacing an occasional cup with some green tea instead. Coffee and black tea themselves have been shown to have some health benefit, when used in moderate amounts of a cup or two per day, but green-tea seems to beat them both for overall health. As in any health plan, the enjoyment factor is huge, so don’t try to adopt strategies that you really don’t like. But if you’re not a regular green tea drinker, why not try a cup or two to see how you feel.

Before signing off of this particular article, it must be pointed out that everyone in this study was exercising, and green tea just made the exercise a bit more effective. You’re not likely to lose that body fat with green tea alone, you still have to move.

Reference:
Journal of Nutrition (2009) 139:264-270

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Paul R. Burghardt, PhD

A substantial number of Veterans will return from Iraq and Afghanistan over the next several years. This transition back to civilian life will not be trivial, and many of these individuals will need support to deal with the psychological stress they encountered while they were deployed.

An interesting study came out of a research group in Taiwan that could be used as a window into how we, the general public, can help our veterans as they return home. A study by Chung and colleagues in the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics investigated which factors were related to cognitive and emotional health in older veterans.

The authors looked at a number of lifestyle factors and measured the level of depression and cognitive function in older veterans. What they found wasn’t exceptionally surprising, but illustrates the importance of working to build up your brain-fitness reserve.

Veterans who could read, were married, and had children or family, who didn’t smoke, avoided fatty foods, exercised for 30 minutes a day, and engaged in a hobby, had higher levels of cognitive function. The most important aspects for maintaining a higher level of cognitive function were level of depression, education, and being able to read. Depression plays a substantial role in both brain and general health, and is believed to worsen the cognitive decline in people with dementia. The prevention or effective management of depression will be an extremely important task for veterans.

Literacy is an important aspect of maintaining cognitive health. We’ve known for some time people with more education tend to have less risk of developing dementia, which was also true in this study. However, the most important aspect to education is continually challenging yourself to learn, not obtaining a degree per se.

An interesting aspect of this study was the large number of veterans who were illiterate. It’s probably obvious that illiteracy severely limits a person’s options for learning. If you couldn’t read, you wouldn’t be reading this article right now. I know it sounds obvious, but imagine all the things you read as you go about your daily tasks. Street signs, ordering food, that motion sickness-inducing news ticker at the bottom of your favorite 24-hour cable news channel. You’d miss out on a lot.

This report should really drive home how critical lifestyle choices, like diet, exercise and mental activity, can be for brain health particularly for people who have undergone substantial psychological stress. In addition, the role for social support cannot be understated. Just having someone there to interact with, help you through tough times, or just listen, is invaluable. Most creatures need social interaction, and humans are no exception. When times are tough it’s nice to know you’re not alone.

Reference:
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2008 Dec 4

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